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Extinct Participles from Old and Middle Edievian
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 27 Nov 2018, 03:03.
[comments] edvparticiples
9. Dil Taaevodiíl
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10. Dodaes Tagmesciél
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12. Duréis iae Oráis Duril
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15. Galaegréis u Todabéig
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18. Ofaes óis Beldconaegfa
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20. Olerdelt Conegiél
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23. Raeul óis Nasedmunfa
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24. Scevaes Taaevodiél
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25. Siáe Baorecos u Conéig
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27. Siáen Alfotet Taaevaes
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30. Todabéig Taaevodiíl
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32. „Iae“ iaö „Iaö“
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?FYI...
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
Old Edievian (OE), and to a lesser extent, Middle Edievian (ME), had a productive and widely-used system of verbal participles than does Edievian. Only the present perfect and past perfect participles survived into Edievian, which are now used as the general nominalizing suffix for verbs, usually for use with an auxiliary verb or as an actual nominal, and as a past passive participle, respectively. Laendish went further and lost all of the participles (with the exception of some fossilized derivatives), and therefore will not be mentioned further in this article.
OE maintained a three-way tense distinction and two-way aspect distinction in its participles, mirroring the way in which finite verbs had also developed an aspectual distinction while evolving from Colian. The three tenses (past, present, and future) and two aspects (perfect and imperfect) were all productive via suffixes added on the verb stem.
| PSTPast (tense) action occurred before moment of speech | PRESPresent tense (tense) current | FUTFuture (tense) action occurring after the moment of speech | |
|---|---|---|---|
| PERFPerfect (aspect/tense) have verb-ed | -or | -iad | -ov |
| IPFImperfect tense/aspect (tense/aspect) Past tense + Imperfect aspect | -ors | -iats | -ofs |
The final s on the imperfect suffixes are vestiges of the adverb-turned-verbal particle sji, originally meaning "still". This same particle generated the imperfect forms of finite verbs, as well.
These participles were often used in place of what Edievian now uses relative clauses for:
Sjên mêc rosofs.
sjê
DEFDefinite
"the" mêc
dog ros
drink -ofs
FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech.IMFUnknown code.PARTUnknown code
The dog that will be drinking.
Mam gê cjêndar aslor.
mam-Ø
have-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I gê
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I cjêndar
table asl
fall -or
PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.PERFPerfect (aspect/tense)
have verb-ed.PARTUnknown code
I have a table that fell.
These participles were also able to take objects like finite verbs, though there was some inconsistency on how those objects were treated. Most writings of OE allow for direct objects to simply follow the participle, with indirect objects or benefactives following behind:
Scôlasi sjên banas sjômor cem asju.
scôl
see -asi
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing sjê
DEFDefinite
"the" banas
rabbit sjôm
eat -or
PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.PERFPerfect (aspect/tense)
have verb-ed.PARTUnknown code cem
all asju
turnip=PLPlural (number)
more than one/few
I see the rabbit that ate all of the turnips.
Do i abêsi sjên cam glamanov le vê-sj etag o-sj dôc.
do i
LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc ab
COPCopula
used to link the subject of a sentence with a predicate -êsi
3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing sjê
DEFDefinite
"the" cam
man glaman
marry -ov
FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech.PERFPerfect (aspect/tense)
have verb-ed.PARTUnknown code le
3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving vê-sj
for-DEFDefinite
"the" etag
land o-sj
GENGenitive (case)
possessive.INALInalienable (possesson)
thing that can't be gained or lost.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity-DEFDefinite
"the" dôc
father
There's the man who will marry her for her father's land.
Other inscriptions had direct objects preceded by the genitive particles o(n) or u(n):
An gê scôlja sjên olc sjômor o-sj avet o-g.
an
NEGNegative (polarity)
not gê
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I scôl-ja
see-NMZNominaliser
makes other word a noun sjên
DEFDefinite
"the" olc
wolf sjôm-or
eat-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.PERFPerfect (aspect/tense)
have verb-ed.PARTUnknown code o-sj
GENGenitive (case)
possessive.INALInalienable (possesson)
thing that can't be gained or lost-DEFDefinite
"the" avet
lamb o-g
GENGenitive (case)
possessive.INALInalienable (possesson)
thing that can't be gained or lost-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
I don't see the wolf that ate my lamb. ✎ Edit Article ✖ Delete Article
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