Verbs of movement: view article

Menu 1. Example sentences Verbs of movement form a special class in Deinau. They receive a suffix that shows if the movement was coming, going, returning, etc. This suffixes come from verb roots that have become suffixes. They have different non-finite forms sometimes.
Goal and source of movement are marked with locative cases on nouns. They occur as oblique arguments, since movement verbs are all intransitive. A locative argument can be made into a subject if the verb receives a middle voice marker.
The following are the directional suffixes:

	Finite	Relative	Irrealis non-finite	Realis non-finite
General	is	i	ig	ŋu
VEN	mes	me	meg	ŋe
AND	us	ii	ug	ŋu
Return	nnos	nni	nnog	ŋo
Go and return	pus	pii	pug	ŋpu
Come and return	mpes	mpe	mpeg	ŋpe

Here are two examples with vowel and consonant ending verb roots.

▼ Verb mii- to walk

	Finite	Relative	Irrealis non-finite	Realis non-finite
General	miis	mii	miig	miiŋu
VEN	miimes	miime	miimeg	miiŋe
AND	miis	mii	miig	miiŋu
	miinnos	miinni	miinnog	miiŋo
	miipus	miipii	miipug	miiŋu

▼ Verb ·ok- to reach, to arrive

	Finite	Relative	Irrealis non-finite	Realis non-finite
General	·okis	·oki	·okig	·oŋku
VEN	·omkes	·omke	·omkeg	·oŋke
AND	·okus	·okii	·okug	·oŋku
	·onkos	·onki	·onkog	·oŋko
	·okpus	·okpii	·okpug	·oŋku

[edit] [top]Example sentences

▼ Verb s-, to go

Sniim pláđđla smesmu.
s-niim
CLClassifier
quantifies and/or replaces nouns-cat.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity p-l-đđla
CLClassifier
quantifies and/or replaces nouns-LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc-house.ABLAblative (case)
away from s-mes-mu
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.go-VENVenitive (case)
coming 'towards'-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action.PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
The cat came from the house

Sniim plàđđla smesmu.
s-niim
CLClassifier
quantifies and/or replaces nouns-cat.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity p-l-đđla
CLClassifier
quantifies and/or replaces nouns-LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc-house.ILLIllative (case)
'into' s-mes-mu
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.go-VENVenitive (case)
coming 'towards'-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action.PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
The cat came to the house

Sniim pláđđla susmu.
s-niim
CLClassifier
quantifies and/or replaces nouns-cat.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity p-l-đđla
CLClassifier
quantifies and/or replaces nouns-LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc-house.ABLAblative (case)
away from s-us-mu
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.go-ANDAndative (case)
towards-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action.PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
The cat went from the house

Sniim plàđđla susmu.
s-niim
CLClassifier
quantifies and/or replaces nouns-cat.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity p-l-đđla
CLClassifier
quantifies and/or replaces nouns-LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc-house.ILLIllative (case)
'into' s-us-mu
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.go-ANDAndative (case)
towards-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action.PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
The cat went to the house

Sniim pláđđla spusmu.
s-niim
CLClassifier
quantifies and/or replaces nouns-cat.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity p-l-đđla
CLClassifier
quantifies and/or replaces nouns-LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc-house.ABLAblative (case)
away from s-pus-mu
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.go-return-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action.PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
The cat returned from the house

Sniim plàđđla spusmu.
s-niim
CLClassifier
quantifies and/or replaces nouns-cat.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity p-l-đđla
CLClassifier
quantifies and/or replaces nouns-LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc-house.ILLIllative (case)
'into' s-pus-mu
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.go-return-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action.PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
The cat returned to the house

Sniim pláđđla snosmu.
s-niim
CLClassifier
quantifies and/or replaces nouns-cat.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity p-l-đđla
CLClassifier
quantifies and/or replaces nouns-LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc-house.ABLAblative (case)
away from s-nos-mu
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.go-ANDAndative (case)
towards.VENVenitive (case)
coming 'towards'-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action.PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
The cat went (and returned) from the house

Sniim plàđđla snosmu.
s-niim
CLClassifier
quantifies and/or replaces nouns-cat.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity p-l-đđla
CLClassifier
quantifies and/or replaces nouns-LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc-house.ILLIllative (case)
'into' s-nos-mu
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.go-ANDAndative (case)
towards.VENVenitive (case)
coming 'towards'-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action.PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
The cat went (and returned) to the house

▼ Verb: ŋub- to run

Sniim pláđđla ŋummesmu.
s-niim
CLClassifier
quantifies and/or replaces nouns-cat.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity p-l-đđla
CLClassifier
quantifies and/or replaces nouns-LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc-house.ABLAblative (case)
away from ŋub-mes-mu
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.go-VENVenitive (case)
coming 'towards'-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action.PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
The cat came running from the house

Sniim plàđđla ŋummesmu.
s-niim
CLClassifier
quantifies and/or replaces nouns-cat.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity p-l-đđla
CLClassifier
quantifies and/or replaces nouns-LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc-house.ILLIllative (case)
'into' ŋub-mes-mu
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.go-VENVenitive (case)
coming 'towards'-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action.PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
The cat came running to the house

Sniim pláđđla ŋubusmu.
s-niim
CLClassifier
quantifies and/or replaces nouns-cat.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity p-l-đđla
CLClassifier
quantifies and/or replaces nouns-LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc-house.ABLAblative (case)
away from ŋub-us-mu
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.go-ANDAndative (case)
towards-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action.PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
The cat went running from the house

Sniim plàđđla ŋubusmu.
s-niim
CLClassifier
quantifies and/or replaces nouns-cat.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity p-l-đđla
CLClassifier
quantifies and/or replaces nouns-LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc-house.ILLIllative (case)
'into' ŋub-us-mu
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.go-ANDAndative (case)
towards-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action.PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
The cat went running to the house

Sniim pláđđla ŋuppusmu.
s-niim
CLClassifier
quantifies and/or replaces nouns-cat.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity p-l-đđla
CLClassifier
quantifies and/or replaces nouns-LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc-house.ABLAblative (case)
away from ŋub-pus-mu
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.go-return-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action.PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
The cat returned running from the house

Sniim plàđđla ŋuppusmu.
s-niim
CLClassifier
quantifies and/or replaces nouns-cat.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity p-l-đđla
CLClassifier
quantifies and/or replaces nouns-LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc-house.ILLIllative (case)
'into' ŋub-pus-mu
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.go-return-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action.PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
The cat returned running to the house

Sniim pláđđla ŋumnosmu.
s-niim
CLClassifier
quantifies and/or replaces nouns-cat.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity p-l-đđla
CLClassifier
quantifies and/or replaces nouns-LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc-house.ABLAblative (case)
away from ŋub-nos-mu
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.go-ANDAndative (case)
towards.VENVenitive (case)
coming 'towards'-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action.PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
The cat went (and returned) running from the house

Sniim plàđđla ŋumnosmu.
s-niim
CLClassifier
quantifies and/or replaces nouns-cat.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity p-l-đđla
CLClassifier
quantifies and/or replaces nouns-LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc-house.ILLIllative (case)
'into' ŋub-nos-mu
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.go-ANDAndative (case)
towards.VENVenitive (case)
coming 'towards'-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action.PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
The cat went (and returned) running to the house

Sniim plađđla ŋubismu.
s-niim
CLClassifier
quantifies and/or replaces nouns-cat.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity p-l-đđla
CLClassifier
quantifies and/or replaces nouns-LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc-house.LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc ŋub-is-mu
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.run-go-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action.PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
The cat is running in the house

Sniim plađđla mo ŋubismu.
s-niim
CLClassifier
quantifies and/or replaces nouns-cat.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity p-l-đđla
CLClassifier
quantifies and/or replaces nouns-LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc-house.LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc mo
in ŋub-is-mu
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.run-go-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action.PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
The cat is running inside the house

Sniim pláđđla ŋummesmu.
s-niim
CLClassifier
quantifies and/or replaces nouns-cat.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity p-l-đđla
CLClassifier
quantifies and/or replaces nouns-LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc-house.ABLAblative (case)
away from mo
in ŋub-mes-mu
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.go-VENVenitive (case)
coming 'towards'-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action.PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
The cat came running from inside the house

▼ Verb kaan- to fly

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